Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.
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Nature, Published online: 25 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-10064-4，推荐阅读旺商聊官方下载获取更多信息
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Steinberger 认为，这种变化会在短期内引发应用数量的急剧收缩，但背后的公司不会因此消亡，而是会转型为提供 API、能力模块或 Agent 插件的服务商。